Researchers at the National Institutes of Health fed antibiotics to fruit flies to better understand the role of bacteria in health and disease. They monitored the lifetime activity of hundreds of genes that scientists have traditionally thought control ageing.
To their surprise, the antibiotics not only extended the lives of the flies but also dramatically changed the activity of many of these genes. Their results published in the Journal Science suggested that only about 30 per cent of the genes traditionally associated with ageing set an animal's internal clock while the rest reflect the body's response to bacteria.
"For decades scientists have been developing a hit list of common ageing genes. These genes are thought to control the ageing process throughout the animal kingdom, from worms to mice to humans," said Edward Giniger, PhD, senior investigator, at the NIH's National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the senior author of the study published in iScience.
He added, "We were shocked to find that only about 30 per cent of these genes may be directly involved in the ageing process. We hope that these results will help medical researchers better understand the forces that underlie several age-related disorders."
The results happened by accident. Dr Giniger's team studies the genetics of ageing in a type of fruit fly called Drosophila. Previously, the team showed how a hyperactive immune system may play a critical role in the neural damage that underlies several ageing brain disorders. However, that study did not examine the role that bacteria may have in this process.
To test this idea, they raised newborn male flies on antibiotics to prevent bacteria growth. At first, they thought that the antibiotics would have little or no effect. But, when they looked at the results, they saw something interesting. The antibiotics lengthened the fly's lives by about six days, from 57 days for control flies to 63 for the treated ones.
"This is a big jump in age for flies. In humans, it would be the equivalent of gaining about 20 years of life," said Arvind Kumar Shukla, PhD, a post-doctoral fellow on Dr Giniger's team and the lead author of the study. "We were totally caught off guard and it made us wonder why these flies took so long to die."
Dr Shukla and his colleagues looked for clues in the genes of the flies. Especially, they used advanced genetic techniques to monitor gene activity in the heads of 10, 30, and 45-day old flies. In a previous study, the team discovered links between the age of a fly and the activity of several genes. In this study, they found that raising the flies on antibiotics broke many of these links.
Overall, the gene activity of the flies fed antibiotics changed very little with age. Regardless of their actual age, the treated flies genetically looked like 30-day old control flies. This appeared to be due to a flat line in the activity of about 70 per cent of the genes the researchers surveyed, many of which are thought to control ageing.
"At first, we had a hard time believing the results. Many of these genes are classical hallmarks of ageing and yet our results suggested that their activity is more a function of the presence of bacteria rather than the ageing process," said Dr Shukla.
Notably, this included genes that control stress and immunity. The researchers tested the impact that the antibiotics had on these genes by starving some flies or infecting others with harmful bacteria and found no clear trend. At some ages, the antibiotics helped flies survive starvation or infection longer than normal whereas at other ages the drugs either had no effect or reduced the chances of survival.
Further experiments supported the results. For instance, the researchers saw similar results on gene activity when they prevented the growth of bacteria by raising the flies in a completely sterile environment without antibiotics. They also saw a similar trend when they reanalysed the data from another study that had raised flies on antibiotics. Again, the antibiotics severed many of the links between ageing and hallmark gene activity.
Finally, the team found an explanation for why antibiotics extended the lives of flies in the remaining 30 per cent of the genes they analysed. In short, the rate at which the activity of these genes changed with age was slower than normal in flies that were fed antibiotics.
Interestingly, many of these genes are known to control sleep-wake cycles, the detection of odorants, and the maintenance of exoskeletons, or the crunchy shells that encase flies. Experiments on sleep-wake cycles supported the link between these genes and ageing. The activity of awake flies decreased with age and this trend was enhanced by treating the flies with antibiotics.
"We found that there are some genes that are in fact setting the body's internal clock," said Dr Giniger. "In the future, we plan to locate which genes are truly linked to the ageing process. If we want to combat ageing, then we need to know precisely which genes are setting the clock."
( With inputs from ANI )
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